Masters began their seagoing life as apprentices, when the absence of manuals or charts meant that their navigation and seamanship skills were totally dependent on memory. The same ‘master’ likewise held shipboard ‘command’ in both peace and war. Consequently, English mariners were employed interchangeably between private merchants and their monarch until the 1850s. The same ships were therefore used for both warlike and peacetime purposes.ĭuring this time, mariners performed their duties in accordance with the Laws (also Rules or Rolls) of Oléron 4 and the Black Book of the Admiralty, 5 which applied to all English ships irrespective of who owned them.
During this time, the monarch hired his ships out to the merchants for trade, and could ‘arrest’ their ships and crews for his own purposes when required. BackgroundĪ previous article described how English maritime power during the five centuries after the 1066 Norman conquest was mostly limited to the North Sea and English Channel.
The second will focus on RN and RAN medical, dental, medical administration and nursing officer uniforms. This part describes the overall development of male and female RN, Australian colonial and RAN uniforms and ranks since the 11th century. The purpose of this two-part article is to describe the development of Australian Navy health officer uniforms. Previous articles have described the history of Navy sailor uniforms or ‘rigs’ since 1509, 1 the development of male and female health sailor uniforms since 1879, 2 and the evolution of their rank and rate badges since 1827. More than a century after its establishment, many Royal Australian Navy (RAN) uniforms and ranks still reflect those used by the (British) Royal Navy (RN).
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